Internet Technology

*What is packet?

     When sending a message over a network (e.g: an email), the message is usually broken up into a smaller set of messages I mean network that transfer blocks of information is called packets.

              Subset of message are equal in length.

*What is star Network?

A very simple computer networks is illustrated in figure. For obvious reason this is called a star network.

  The hub at the center of  this network is a very simple piece of networking hardware that takes the data from one computer in the network and passes them on to the other computer in the network.

The network illustrated in the figure is known as Local Area Network (LAN) . A LAN is a communication network consisting of cables, computers and network devices confined to a very small geographic region such as a single building, or floor of a building.

*How Ethernet helps to connected a computer into the network?

        A very important LAN technology is Ethernet .This technology was developed by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs at Xerox PARC . With Ethernet any computer on network can send data packers to any other computer on the network . However ,no two computers can “talk on the line “ at the same time there is a “collision” . Ethernet is a technology for handling these collisions and retransmitting the packets . When a collision occurs the packets are retransmitted after a very small random interval . Ethernet is a very effective protocol and it is easy to connect a computer into the network .

*What is  “Bandwidth” ?

When talking about computer networks , bandwidth refers to the bandwidth refers  to the capacity of the network . Bandwidth is often measured in the kilobits per second (kbps) , megabits per second (mbps) , or gigabits per seconds (Gbps) . The terms broadband , narrowband ,and midband are often used to describe the Bandwidth . These are not precisely defined , except in ordinal  sense and actual bandwidth associated with these terms in changing rapidly over time as network capacity increases . We will define broadband as at least 10Mbps , midband as 1-10 Mbps , and narrowband as less than 1Mbps . 

*What is “ALOHA net “ ?

ALOHA net was a radio network designed to allow computers in the Hawaiian Islands to communicate with each other . It was developed by Norman Abramson , a professor of Hawaii and a surfing (on real waves , not a internet ) enthusiasts . ALOHA net was a built on the idea of retransmitting packets after a small random interval if there is a collision on the network This is the basic idea used in the internet .

* What is the difference between internet and world wide web (www) ?

The internet is a network of computers , cables , routers and other hardware and software that inter connect and run on a network . The world wide web consists of documents that are transmitted across the internet’s hardware . The web documents that are transmitted  across sites . A web page is specially formatted document that can include text , graphics , hyperlinks , audio animation and video . A web site is a collection of web pages .

Information comes in many forms on the internet . To travel the internet and read , view or listen to the sights and sounds , you need a program called a browser .

*What is a “ browser “ ?

A browser is a program that displays files that are in the HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language ) file format (in contrast to doc files or .txt files that you view in your word processing program )

. The files can be located on the world wide web on your own computer .

# Files in HTML format are often called Web Pages because they are in the pages you view as you move about the internet. The browser also opens the next page you’ve selected when you click linked text on the web page . A Web site is simply a collection of  related web pages .

When you enter a web address or click a Hyperlink , you spark a series of events . First you tell you’re your browser which document you want to view . Then browser contacts the computer storing the document . After the computer is located , the browser  downloads the document to your computer . In other words , the browser  copies and transfer the web page data from the computer storing web page to your computer , The browser then interprets the data and displays the web page on your screen .

It is easy to create a web page today . In addition to web page creation program such as Microsoft front page , many other programs including Microsoft words , allow you to type information just as you would if you were writing a letter of document , add pictures or sounds and then save the file in HTML  file format . The HTML file contains special codes that tell the browser how to display the words or images you have added to the page . 

 

Owner of Internet :

The Internet was originally developed by DARPA , the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, as a means to share information on defense research between involved universities and defense research facilities . Originally it was just email and FTP sites as well as the Usenet where scientists could question and answer each other. It was originally called ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork ) . The concept was developed starting in 1964 , and the first messages passed were between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute in 1969 . Leonard Kleinrock of MIT had published the first paper on packet switching theory in 1961 . Since networking computers was new to begin with, standards were being developed on the fly . Once the concept was proven, the organizations involved started to lay out some ground rules for standardization .

One of  the most important was the communications protocol , TCP/IP , developed by Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn in 1974. Robert Metcalfe is credited with Ethernet which is the basic communication standard in networked computers .

Tim Berners-Lee perhaps specified technological applicability and / or linguistic construction of HTML while working at CERN, is chiefly credited for the ease of use and wide public adoption of the web. Here is his website: w3.org

Al Gore really did have a substantial part in the US legal framework and governmental issues related to the internet He never said he invented it.

There wasn't just ONE person that invented the internet. It would be silly to say that. The internet is just a way to view files and information that someone puts onto a server. The internet is just a way to access the information .

Although there's a guy named Leonard Kleinrock who was the first person to write a paper on the idea of packet switching which is essential for internet to work. He wrote this idea in 1961 .

And here are a couple more people that were essential to what we call internet today without these guys there wouldn't be The Internet.

Larry G. Roberts created the first functioning long-distance computer networks in 1965 and designed the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), the seed from which the modern Internet grew , in 1966 .

Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf invented the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which moves data on the modern Internet , in 1972 and 1973. If any two people "invented the Internet ," it was Kahn and Cerf - but they have publicily stated that "no one person or group of people" invented the Internet.

Radia Perlman invented the spanning tree algorithm in the 1980s. Her spanning tree algorithm allows efficient bridging between separate networks. Without a good bridging solution , large-scale networks like the Internet would be impractical .

In short, no one person owns the internet. The internet is divided into many companies, and each company into further branches . The internet is basically a network of different companies, etc .

 Imagine you're in a room full of people from different countries, and everyone only speaks his or her native language . In order to communicate, you'd have to come up with a standard set of rules and vocabulary. That's what makes the Internet so remarkable : It's a system that lets different computer networks communicate with each other using a standardized set of rules. Without rules, these computer networks wouldn't be able to communicate with each other .

Think for a minute about the scope of the Internet. It's a collection of inter-networked computer systems that spans the entire globe . It depends on several sets of rules called protocols. These protocols make it possible for computer communication across networks . It also relies on a huge infrastructure of routers, Network Access Points (NAPs) and computer systems . Then there are the satellites, miles of cable and hundreds of wireless routers that transmit signals between computers and networks .

­It's a truly global system. Cables crisscross countries and oceans , crossing borders and linking some of the world's most remote locations to everyone else. And the Internet is still growing . More computers link to it every day , and various organizations and companies are working to extend Internet access to countries that aren't yet connected .

The Internet is a giant system made up of much smaller systems . If it's one thing, does it have a single owner? Is there some person or entity that controls the Internet ? Is it possible for someone to own something that spans nations and oceans? Keep reading to find out  .

Something about Internet Technology

When you enter a web address or click a Hyperlink , you spark a series of events . First you tell you’re your browser which document you want to view . Then browser contacts the computer storing the document . After the computer is located , the browser  downloads the document to your computer . In other words , the browser  copies and transfer the web page data from the computer storing web page to your computer , The browser then interprets the data and displays the web page on your screen .

It is easy to create a web page today . In addition to web page creation program such as Microsoft front page , many other programs including Microsoft words , allow you to type information just as you would if you were writing a letter of document , add pictures or sounds and then save the file in HTML  file format . The HTML file contains special codes that tell the browser how to display the words or images you have added to the page . 

 

What is a web site ?

# Files in HTML format are often called Web Pages because they are in the pages you view as you move about the internet. The browser also opens the next page you’ve selected when you click linked text on the web page . A Web site is simply a collection of  related web pages .